Tshawb nrhiav cov khoom siv rau cov fasteners
Cov khoom siv fastener feem ntau yog steel. Raws li ib tug neeg ua haujlwm hauv kev lag luam fastener, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum nkag siab txog cov kev hloov pauv, kev sib txawv thiab kev siv. Kev nkag siab txog ntau hom ntaub ntawv siv rau fasteners yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev xaiv qhov zoo rau ib daim ntawv thov tshwj xeeb. Nov yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom siv fastener, lawv cov khoom sib xyaw, thiab cov ntawv thov raug:
Ⅰ. Carbon Steel
Kev sib xyaw: Cov pa roj carbon steel feem ntau muaj cov hlau me me nrog cov pa roj carbon tsawg (feem ntau tsawg dua 1.7%) thiab qee zaum lwm cov ntsiab lus xws li manganese, silicon, lossis sulfur.
QibCov pa roj carbon monoxide tsawg (mob) steel, nruab nrab-carbon steel, high-carbon steel.
♦Cov pa roj carbon tsawg, tseem hu ua cov hlau me me, muaj cov ntsiab lus carbon xws li 0.10% txog 0.30%. Cov pa roj carbon tsawg yog ib qho yooj yim los txais ntau yam kev ua xws li forging, vuam thiab txiav, thiab feem ntau yog siv los ua chains, rivets, bolts, shafts, thiab lwm yam. Nws suav nrog feem ntau cov pa roj carbon monoxide steels thiab qee cov khoom zoo carbon steel. Lawv feem ntau yog siv rau kev tsim vaj tsev qhov chaw yam tsis muaj kev kho cua sov, thiab qee qhov yog siv rau cov khoom siv kho tshuab uas yuav tsum tau hnav tsis kam tom qab carbonization thiab lwm yam kev kho cua sov.
♦Cov pa roj carbon nruab nrab yog cov pa roj carbon steel nrog cov ntsiab lus carbon ntawm 0.25% txog 0.60%. Ntxiv nrog rau cov pa roj carbon monoxide, nws tseem tuaj yeem muaj me me ntawm manganese (0.70% txog 1.20%). Raws li cov khoom lag luam zoo, nws tau muab faib ua cov pa roj carbon zoo tib yam thiab cov khoom siv zoo carbon steel. Nws muaj kev ua haujlwm kub kub zoo thiab kev ua haujlwm txiav, tab sis tsis zoo vuam kev ua haujlwm. Lub zog thiab hardness yog siab dua cov uas tsis muaj carbon steel, thaum lub plasticity thiab toughness yog qis dua cov uas tsis muaj carbon steel. Cov pa roj carbon steel nruab nrab muaj cov khoom siv dav dav zoo tom qab quenching thiab tempering. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev siv nrog nruab nrab lub zog theem, nruab nrab carbon steel yog feem ntau lug siv. Ntxiv nrog rau kev siv los ua cov khoom siv hauv tsev, nws kuj tau siv dav hauv kev tsim khoom ntawm ntau yam khoom siv tshuab.
♦Cov pa roj carbon ntau, feem ntau hu ua cov cuab yeej hlau, muaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm 0.60% mus rau 1.70% thiab tuaj yeem ua kom tawv thiab tempered.
Kev Siv Tseem Ceeb & Daim Ntawv Thov: Feem ntau siv rau cov hom phiaj dav dav xws libolts, txiv ntseej,ntsia hlau, thiab studs. Lawv muab lub zog zoo thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Kev kho deg zoo li zinc plating tuaj yeem siv los txhim kho corrosion.
Ⅱ. Stainless hlau
Kev sib xyaw: Ib qho alloy ntawm hlau, chromium (Chromium cov ntsiab lus 12% mus rau 30%), thiab lwm yam xws li npib tsib xee, molybdenum, thiab nitrogen. Cov ntsiab lus chromium muab kev tiv thaiv corrosion zoo heev.
Chromium yog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus uas ua rau stainless hlau corrosion-resistant. Thaum cov ntsiab lus chromium nyob rau hauv cov hlau nce mus txog 1.2%, chromium reacts nrog oxygen nyob rau hauv nruab nrab corrosive los tsim ib tug heev nyias oxide zaj duab xis (self-passivation zaj duab xis) nyob rau hauv steel nto, uas yuav tiv thaiv tau ntxiv corrosion ntawm steel matrix. Ntxiv nrog rau chromium, feem ntau siv alloying ntsiab muaj xws li npib tsib xee, molybdenum, titanium, niobium, tooj liab, nitrogen, thiab lwm yam.
Hom: Austenitic (eg, 201, 304, 316), Martensitic (eg, 410, 420), Ferritic (eg, 430,446).
Kev Siv Tseem Ceeb & Daim Ntawv Thov: Siv nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig uas corrosion kuj tseem ceeb, xws li marine, tshuaj, thiab zaub mov kev lag luam. Kuj tseem haum rau cov ntawv thov kub.
Stainless hlau yuav tsis ua rau corrosion, pitting, xeb los yog hnav. Stainless hlau kuj yog ib qho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv muaj zog tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hlau siv hauv kev tsim kho. Vim tias cov hlau tsis muaj steel hlau muaj kev tiv thaiv corrosion zoo, nws tuaj yeem ua kom muaj kev ncaj ncees ntawm kev tsim engineering ntawm cov khoom siv mus tas li. Chromium-muaj stainless hlau kuj sib txuas cov neeg kho tshuab lub zog thiab siab elongation, ua kom yooj yim rau txheej txheem thiab tsim khoom.
Ⅲ. Hlau alloy
Kev sib xyaw: Muaj feem pua ntawm cov hlau alloying ntau dua (xws li chromium, npib tsib xee, molybdenum, vanadium) piv rau cov hlau, uas txhim kho cov khoom zoo li lub zog, hardness, thiab toughness.
Yog hais tias cov ntsiab lus chromium nyob rau hauv cov hlau alloy ncav cuag li 12%, ntom chromium oxide yuav tsim nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov hlau, ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj zog hauv oxidizing media thiab txhim kho nws. Cov ntsiab lus xws li chromium, aluminium, thiab silicon tuaj yeem txhim kho oxidation tsis kam thiab corrosion kuj ntawm steel rau high-temperature gases, tab sis ntau tshaj txhuas thiab silicon yuav deteriorate lub thermoplasticity ntawm hlau. Nickel feem ntau yog siv los tsim thiab stabilize austenite qauv, kom cov hlau tuaj yeem tau txais cov khoom siv zoo, kev tiv thaiv corrosion thiab cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm. Molybdenum tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov hlau tsis muaj kua qaub-resistant thiab txhim kho nws cov corrosion kuj rau cov kev daws teeb meem uas muaj chloride ions thiab lwm yam uas tsis yog-oxidizing media.
Qib: Raws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus alloying, nws tau muab faib ua cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hlau (cov ntsiab lus 10%).
Kev Siv Tseem Ceeb & Daim Ntawv Thov: Siv nyob rau hauv high-strength fasteners rau automotive, aerospace, thiab hnyav machinery, qhov twg muaj zog tensile ntau dua thiab hnav tsis kam.
Ⅳ. Tooj
Kev sib xyaw: Ntshiab tooj liab los yog alloys nrog me me ntawm lwm yam hlau xws li tin (bronze) los yog zinc ( tooj dag).
Tooj liab, hlau nrog lub paj liab-liab luster, muaj qhov ceev ntawm 8.92 g / cm3. Melting point 1083.4 ± 0.2 ℃, kub taw tes 2567 ℃. Tooj liab yog ib qho ntawm cov hlau thaum ntxov uas tib neeg pom thiab yog ib qho ntawm cov hlau ntshiab zoo tshaj plaws. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj me ntsis, tsis tshua muaj zog thiab hnav-resistant. Nws kuj muaj ductility zoo. Nws muaj zoo thermal thiab hluav taws xob conductivity. Tooj liab thiab qee qhov ntawm nws cov alloys muaj qhov zoo corrosion kuj thiab ruaj khov heev hauv huab cua qhuav. Tab sis nyob rau hauv huab cua ntub, ib txheej ntawm ntsuab tooj liab carbonate tuaj yeem tsim tawm ntawm nws qhov chaw, uas yog hu ua verdigris. Nws yog soluble hauv nitric acid thiab kub concentrated sulfuric acid, thiab me ntsis soluble hauv hydrochloric acid. Nws yog yooj yim corroded los ntawm alkali.
Kev Siv Tseem Ceeb & Daim Ntawv Thov: Paub txog nws zoo heev hluav taws xob conductivity thiab corrosion kuj. Tooj thiab tooj dag fasteners feem ntau yog siv rau hauv kev sib txuas hluav taws xob thiab kev siv dej hiav txwv.
Ⅴ. Aluminium
Kev sib xyaw: Pure aluminium los yog aluminium alloys, uas tej zaum yuav muaj xws li tooj liab, magnesium, silicon, los yog zinc.
Txhuas yog cov xim dawb dawb ci hlau nrog qhov ntom ntawm 2.702 g / cm3, melting point ntawm 660.37 ℃, thiab kub taw tes ntawm 2467 ℃. Nws muaj zoo thermal conductivity, hluav taws xob conductivity thiab ductility. Aluminium yog hu ua cov khoom siv hlau, tab sis cov yeeb yaj kiab oxide tuab yuav tsim rau ntawm nws qhov chaw hauv huab cua, tiv thaiv nws los ntawm kev txuas ntxiv rau cov pa oxygen thiab dej. Nws tuaj yeem hnov mob nrog oxygen ntawm qhov kub thiab txias kom tso tawm cov cua kub ntau. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thermite tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev tsim khoom, xws li vuam steel rails, smelting refractory hlau, thiab ua cov tshuaj pyrotechnics.
Kev Siv Tseem Ceeb & Daim Ntawv Thov: Lub teeb yuag thiab tiv taus corrosion, ua rau lawv zoo tagnrho rau aerospace, automotive, thiab marine applications. Aluminium fasteners kuj tseem siv rau hauv kev tsim kho thiab khoom siv hluav taws xob vim lawv qhov hnyav thiab tsis muaj hlau nplaum.
Cov qauv
• ISO(International Organization for Standardization): Muab cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb siv thoob ntiaj teb.
• GB(Guobiao, Tuam Tshoj National Standard): Suav teb cov qauv.
• Los ntawm(Deutsches Institut für Normung, German Institute for Standardization): Cov qauv German, tau lees paub thoob ntiaj teb.
• AISI/SAE(American Iron and Steel Institute / Society of Automotive Engineers): Asmeskas cov qauv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov hlau.
• HE(Japanese Industrial Standards): Japanese cov qauv, feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Esxias.
Txhua yam khoom muaj nws cov txheej txheem zoo thiab raug xaiv raws li cov kev cai tshwj xeeb ntawm daim ntawv thov, xws li lub zog, corrosion kuj, kub, thiab nqi. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los xaiv cov khoom tsim nyog thiab qib kom ntseeg tau tias lub fastener ua tau zoo hauv nws qhov chaw npaj.
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